1948 Claude Shannon with his “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” maintained the staples to squeeze information into the binary space.
“How is an information source to be described mathematically, and how much information in bits per second is produced in a given source? The main point at issue is the effect of statistical knowledge about the source in reducing the required capacity of the channel, by the use of proper encoding of the information.”
2009 Patrick McGuire and astronauts with artificial-intelligence enhanced spacesuits trying to get them back by fishing with a Hopfield neural network:
Read more about the Future enhancements to the Cyborg Astrobiologist system that will help identify both carbon and non-carbon forms of life here